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A Drummer was the responsible for the drums in the army for use on the battlefield. Until well into the 19th century, western armies recruited young boys to act as drummers. The drums were an important part of the battlefield communications system, with various drum rolls used to signal different commands from officers to troops.〔(U.S. Civil War History & Genealogy – The Drummer Boys ), genealogyforum.com〕 Although there were usually official age limits, these were often ignored; the youngest boys were sometimes treated as mascots by the adult soldiers. The life of a drummer boy appeared rather glamorous and as a result, boys would sometimes run away from home to enlist.〔(Albert A. Nofi, ''A Civil War Treasury: Being a Miscellany of Arms and Artillery, Facts and Figures, Legends and Lore'' Da Capo Press 1992 (p.107) )〕 Other boys may have been the sons or orphans of soldiers serving in the same unit.〔(Richard Holmes, ''Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors'', Harper Press 2011 (p.275) )〕 The image of a small child in the midst of battle was seen as deeply poignant by 19th-century artists, and idealised boy drummers were frequently depicted in paintings, sculpture and poetry.〔(J. W. M. Hichberger, ''Images of the Army: The Military in British Art, 1815–1914'', Manchester University Press 1988, ISBN 0-7190-2575-3 (p.101) )〕 ==Notable drummer boys== Nathan Futrell (1773–1829) was said to have been the youngest drummer boy in the American War of Independence; he joined the North Carolina Continental Militia at the age of 7.〔(Find a Grave – Nathan Futrell )〕 In 1793, Joseph Bara, a 14-year-old French Republican drummer at the time of the War in the Vendée, was killed by royalist counter-revolutionaries, supposedly while he was shouting "Long live the Republic!". His body was interred at the Panthéon along with other national heroes.〔Dupuy, Pascal, (''La Mort de Bara'' ) http://www.histoire-image.org ''L’Histoire par l’image'' (in French). Retrieved: 19 January 2015〕 André Estienne was a drummer with Napoleon Bonaparte's army at the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole in 1796, where he led his battalion across a river while holding his drum over his head, and on reaching the far bank, beat the "charge". This led to the capture of the bridge and the rout of the Austrian army. Despite being 19 years old, he became famous as ''Le Petit Tambour d'Arcole'' ((フランス語:The Little Drummer of Arcole)), and is depicted in the Panthéon in Paris and on the Arc de Triomphe, also in paintings by Charles Thévenin and Horace Vernet.〔(Fondation Napoléon – Honorary drumsticks presented to the drummer of Arcole )〕 At the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon's troops spent much of the day trying to capture the fortified house at Hougomont, which was defended by British Foot Guards. Finally, a detachment of French infantry broke in through the gate, which the Guards were able to close behind them; all the French soldiers were killed except for their drummer boy who was spared.〔(Ian Fletcher, ''Wellington's Foot Guards'', Osprey Publishing Ltd 1994 (p.62) )〕 On 19 April 1855, at the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, there was a bayonet attack by the British 77th Regiment of Foot on some rifle pits which the Russians were using to snipe at British positions. Accompanying the attack was an unnamed drummer boy of the 77th, who seeing a Russian boy trumpeter trying to escape, caught hold of him and beat him with his fists "in truly British fashion" until he surrendered. The boy presented the Russian trumpet to Sir George Brown and he was later rewarded by General Lord Raglan, the British commander.〔Thomas Carter, (''Medals of the British Army: and How They Were Won: Volume 1'', Groombridge and Son, London 1861 (p.77) )〕 At the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, 12-year-old Drummer Ross of the 93rd Highlanders signalled the arrival of his regiment to the besieged garrison, by climbing the spire of the Shah Najaf Mosque and playing the regimental march on his bugle, while under heavy fire from the rebel forces.〔(Holmes, (p.275) )〕 On 28 November at the Second Battle of Cawnpore, 15-year-old Thomas Flynn, a drummer with the 64th Regiment of Foot, was awarded the Victoria Cross. "During a charge on the enemy's guns, Drummer Flynn, although wounded himself, engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter with two of the rebel artillerymen". He remains the youngest recipient of the medal.〔(Athlone Heritage – Drummer Thomas Flynn VC )〕 Thirteen-year-old Charles King was the youngest soldier killed in the entire American Civil War (1861–1865). Charles enlisted in the 49th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry with the reluctant permission of his father at the age of 12 years, 5 months and 9 days. On September 17, 1862 at the Battle of Antietam or Battle of Sharpsburg he was mortally wounded near or in the area of the East Woods, carried from the field and died three days later. Twelve-year-old drummer boy William Black was the youngest recorded person wounded in battle during the American Civil War. John Clem, who had unofficially joined a Union Army regiment at the age of 9 as a drummer and mascot, became famous as the ""The Drummer Boy of Chickamauga" where he played a "long roll" and shot a Confederate officer who had demanded his surrender. An 11-year-old drummer in the Confederate Orphan Brigade, known only as "Little Oirish", was credited with rallying troops at the Battle of Shiloh by taking up the regimental colors at a critical moment.〔(Nofi, (p.108) )〕 Another noted drummer boy was Louis Edward Rafield of the 21st Alabama Infantry, Co. K, known as the "Mobile Cadets". He had enlisted at age 11 and while 12 at the Battle of Shiloh he somehow lost his drum; he then obtained an enemy drum and kept on going, thus earning the title of "The Drummer Boy of Shiloh".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Louis Edward Rafield (1849 - 1921) - Find A Grave Memorial )〕 In Costa Rica, the Drummer boy Juan Santamaría died in an act of self-sacrifice in the war against the US Filibuster William Walker and is commemorated as his country's National Hero. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Drummer (military)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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